I thought Takeo would pass and Kunio wouldn't, but it was the other way around.
Literal
Takeo [topic-は] pass, Kunio [topic-は] pass-not [quotative-と] was-thinking [but-が], result [topic-は] opposite was.
Two contrastive は mark the opposing expectations: 武雄は受かり (Takeo passes) vs. 邦夫は受からない (Kunio doesn't). The conjunctive masu-stem 受かり connects the first clause. 結果は逆だった neatly overturns both expectations.