Just because my father is a doctor doesn't mean I have to become one too.
Literal
Father [subject-が] doctor [copula-だ] just-because [quotative-といって] I [also-も] doctor [into-に] become-must reason [topic-は] not-exist.
~だからといって~理由はない is a powerful pattern: 'just because X doesn't mean Y.' It pushes back against an assumed logical connection. ならなければならぬ uses the classical negative ぬ for なければならない — slightly more emphatic.