。
He threw up everything he drank.
Literal
He [topic-は] drank amount [only-だけ] vomited [regrettably-てしまった].
飲んだ分だけ ('exactly the amount he drank') uses 分 ('portion, share') + だけ ('only, exactly'). 吐いてしまった uses ~てしまう for the regrettable completed action of vomiting. The sentence implies a one-to-one correspondence — everything that went in came back out.