And if this bill doesn't pass, what responsibility will you take?
Literal
And this legislation [subject-が] didn't-pass case [in-において], you [topic-は] what-kind-of responsibility [object-を] take?
場合において is high-register language — 場合 (in the case of) elevated by において — typical of political discourse. The rough おまえ clashes deliberately with the formal phrasing to create a confrontational, demanding tone. ~のだ at the end demands accountability.