。
The train arrived ten minutes late.
Literal
Train [topic-は] ten-minutes late [adverbial-て] arrived.
十分遅れて shows the て-form of 遅れる functioning adverbially — 'arrived being late (by ten minutes).' 十分 is here the duration ('ten minutes,' 十 'ten' + 分 'minute') — read じゅっぷん or じっぷん — not the homograph 十分 'enough' (read じゅうぶん). Context disambiguates: with 遅れて, it must be the duration.