By the next morning, he had become famous throughout the village.
Literal
Next-morning, he [topic-は] village-throughout [in-で] famous had-become.
村中 (むらじゅう) uses 中 with the じゅう reading to mean 'throughout / all over the village' (cf. 今年中 with ~ちゅう). 有名になっていた combines ~になる ('become') with past ongoing ~ていた for 'had become' (resultant past state).