Would you dance with me?

Literal

Dance-give-me-can-[question-か]?

~てもらえる is the potential of ~てもらう — 'can I receive [the favor of] doing X?' 踊ってもらえますか = 'could you dance [for me]?' A polite dance invitation. Slightly more distant than ~ませんか because it frames the dance as a favor.