I didn't learn anything from that teacher.

Literal

I [topic-は] that teacher [from-から] nothing learned-not.

から marks the source ('from') — the teacher as the origin of learning. 習う ('to learn, to take lessons from') is distinct from 学ぶ: 習う implies formal instruction from a teacher, 学ぶ is broader self-directed study. 何も + negative gives 'nothing.'