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There's no way I could do this job in a single day.
Literal
This job [object-を] 1-day [in-で] do [thing-こと] [topic-は] I [to-には] totally cannot.
Object-fronted structure: [この仕事を1日でやること] is moved to sentence-initial position as a topical object, then the comment 僕には...できない follows. とても paired with a negative (できない) means 'not at all, by no means' — a common modal emphasizer. 1日で uses で for the time-as-duration sense.