The mothers gave their children food and starved to death themselves.
Literal
Mothers-[plural-達] [topic-は] children [to-に] food [object-を] gave-[sequential-て] starved-to-death
A devastating sentence. 餓死する (がしする) = to starve to death (餓 hunger + 死 death). The て linking 与えて and 餓死した shows the sequential — and causal — relationship: they gave away their food and consequently died. The mothers are topic, making the sacrifice the frame.