emotion adjective/verb pair

Japanese splits many emotion concepts between an i-adjective (the speaker's own subjective feeling — 怖い 'scary,' 悲しい 'sad,' 羨ましい 'envious') and a corresponding verb (describing the emotion-driven state or action observable in others — 怖がる 'be afraid,' 悲しむ 'grieve,' 羨む 'envy'). The verb form often uses the productive ~がる suffix (怖がる, 嫌がる, 羨ましがる) but plenty of emotion verbs are independent lexical items (悲しむ, 恐れる). The adjective form is generally restricted to the speaker's own immediate feeling — using a bare emotion adjective about a third party (彼は怖い) reads as 'he is scary' rather than 'he is scared.'