past-form as modifier
grammar14 sentences
Japanese past-form verbs (~た) can attach to a following noun as pre-nominal modifiers, functioning like English adjectives by describing the resulting state of the noun rather than a past event: 困った顔 ('a troubled face'), 突っ込んだ研究 ('in-depth research'), 興奮した人 ('an excited person,' not 'a person who got excited [once]'). Distinct from a relative clause where ~た marks an actual past event.
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