~かける (directional/aim toward)

Compound verbs ending in ~かける, where the auxiliary adds a directional or initiating sense — the action is aimed outward at a target, sometimes begun without necessarily being completed. 話しかける ('speak to / address'), 呼びかける ('call out to'), 笑いかける / 微笑みかける ('smile at'), 問いかける ('pose a question to'). The recipient is marked with に. Productive across many base verbs. Distinct from the homophonous ~かける meaning 'be on the verge of.'