彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa日(にっ)本(ぽん) nipponで de育(そだ)っ()た() sodattaにもかかわらず nimokakawarazu、英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o自(じ)由(ゆう) jiyuuに ni使(つか)い()こ()な()す() tsukaikonasu。 Despite having grown up in Japan, she handles English fluently. JapanabilitiesEnglish languagelanguage abilitycompound verb~にもかかわらず (despite)na-adjective adverbial form (~に)compound verb with ~こなす (master, do skillfully)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa自(じ)分(ぶん) jibunの no外(がい)国(こく)語(ご) gaikokugoの no力(ちから) chikaraを o利(り)用(よう) riyouできる dekiru仕(し)事(ごと) shigotoを o探(さが)し()て()い()る() sagashiteiru。 She is looking for a job where she can use her foreign-language skills. workjob searchlanguage ability自分 (reflexive)~ている (ongoing state)potential form (~える/~られる)relative clause modifying a noun
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa私(わたし) watashiに ni何(なん) nanカ()国(こく)語(ご) kakokugoはなせる hanaseruか kaを o尋(たず)ね()た() tazuneta。 She asked me how many languages I can speak. communicationrelationshipslanguage abilitycounter カ国語 (languages)potential form (~える/~られる)embedded questionnear-synonym distinction
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)せ()る() hanaseruようになろう youninarouと to骨(ほね)を()折(お)っ()た() honewootta。 She went to great pains to become able to speak English. diligenceEnglish languagelanguage abilitylanguage learning~ようになる (come to do)volitional + と (purpose)volitional form (~う/~よう)potential form (~える/~られる)骨を折る (to go to great trouble)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)せ()な()い() hanasenai、ましてや mashiteyaフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoなんて nanteもってのほか mottenohokaだ da。 She can't speak English — let alone French, that's out of the question. language abilitylanguage learningcomparison and contrastまして (let alone)~なんて (dismissive)potential form (~える/~られる)もってのほか (outrageous, out of the question)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)す() hanasuの noが ga一(いち)番(ばん) ichibanうまい umaiと to自(うぬ)惚(ぼ)れ()て()い()る() unuboreteiru。 She's stuck on the idea that she's the best English speaker around. pridepersonalitylanguage abilityquotative とnominalizer の~ている (ongoing state)一番 (superlative marker)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)し() hanashi、そ()の()上(うえ) sonoueス()ワ()ヒ()リ()語(ご) suwahirigoも mo話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks English, and on top of that, she speaks Swahili too. English languagelanguage abilitylanguage learningその上 (moreover)conjunctive masu-stem (連用中止法)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを oすらすらと surasurato話(はな)せ()ま()す() hanasemasu。 She speaks English fluently. complimentsEnglish languagelanguage abilitypotential form (~える/~られる)adverbial と (after mimetics)state mimetic (擬態語)すらすら (smoothly, fluently)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う()ま()で()も()な()く() iumademonaku、フ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoや yaド()イ()ツ()語(ご) doitsugoも mo話(はな)す() hanasuことができる kotogadekiru。 She speaks French and German, not to mention English. complimentslanguage abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)contrastive は~ことができる (can do)~や (non-exhaustive listing)言うまでもない (it goes without saying)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う()ま()で()も()な()く() iumademonaku、フ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo流(りゅう)暢(ちょう) ryuuchouに ni話(はな)せ()る() hanaseru。 She speaks French fluently, not to mention English. complimentslanguage abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)contrastive はpotential form (~える/~られる)na-adjective adverbial form (~に)言うまでもない (it goes without saying)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う() iuに ni及(およ)ば()ず() oyobazu、ド()イ()ツ()語(ご) doitsugoと toフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo話(はな)し()ま()す() hanashimasu。 She speaks German and French, to say nothing of English. complimentslanguage abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)contrastive は~と~と (closed list)言うに及ばず (needless to say)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoの no力(ちから) chikaraを oつけて tsuketeきている kiteiru。 She's been getting better at English. English languagelanguage abilitylanguage learning~ている (ongoing state)~てくる (change over time)力をつける (gain ability/strength)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoの noスピーチコンテスト supiichikontesutoで deいかんなく ikannakuその sono才(さい)能(のう) sainouを o発(はっ)揮(き) hakkiした shita。 She showed off her English skills to the fullest at the speech contest. speechescompetitioncomplimentsEnglish languagelanguage abilityloanword (外来語)formal vocabularyloanword (English origin)遺憾なく発揮する (demonstrate fully)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoに ni精(せい)通(つう) seitsuuしている shiteiru。 She knows English inside and out. complimentsEnglish languagelanguage ability~ている (resulting state)に of target (with stative predicate)formal vocabulary
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoに ni堪(かん)能(のう) kannouであった deatta。 She was proficient in English. complimentsEnglish languagelanguage ability~である (formal copula)に of target (with stative predicate)polysemyformal vocabulary
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoだけでなく dakedenakuフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo流(りゅう)暢(ちょう) ryuuchouに ni話(はな)す() hanasu。 Not only does she speak English, she speaks French fluently too. complimentslanguage abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)~だけでなく (not only)na-adjective adverbial form (~に)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは waもう mou10 10年(ねん) nenも moフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoを o勉(べん)強(きょう)し()て()い()る() benkyoushiteiruの noだから dakara、フ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoの no何(なん)た()る() nantaruか kaは waよく yokuわかっている wakatteiruはず hazuだ da。 Since she's been studying French for a full ten years now, she should be quite familiar with what French is all about. studyingeducationlanguagesFrench languagelanguage abilitylanguage learning~はず (expectation)~ている (ongoing state)~ている (resulting state)もう + past (already X-ed)も (emphatic 'as much as')~のだから (given that / because)Arabic numerals何たるか (what something truly is)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは waまるで marude母(ぼ)語(ご) bogoを o話(はな)す() hanasuように youni英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)し()ま()す() hanashimasu。 She speaks English just like a native. languagescomplimentsEnglish languagelanguage abilitymetaphors and similes~ように (like, as if)まるで (completely / just like)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは waド()イ()ツ()語(ご) doitsugoを oしゃべれる shabereru。英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う()ま()で()も()な()い() iumademonai。 She can speak German — and English goes without saying. languageslanguage abilitypotential form (~える/~られる)elliptical predicate言うまでもない (it goes without saying)Germany (ドイツ)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは waス()ペ()イ()ン()語(ご) supeingoを o話(はな)せ()る() hanaseru。ましてや mashiteya英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う()ま()で()も()な()い() iumademonai。 She can speak Spanish — let alone English, that goes without saying. languagesEnglish languagelanguage abilitySpanish languagecontrastive はまして (let alone)potential form (~える/~られる)ましてや (let alone, even more so)loanword (English origin)言うまでもない (it goes without saying)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa急(きゅう)速(そく) kyuusokuに ni英(えい)語(ご) eigo力(りょく) ryokuが ga伸(の)び()た() nobita。 Her English ability grew rapidly. growthEnglish languagelanguage abilitylanguage learning~力 (ability suffix)na-adjective adverbial form (~に)double-subject construction
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa滑(なめ)ら()か() namerakaに ni英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks English fluently. skillslanguage abilitylanguage learningna-adjective adverbial form (~に)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa外(がい)国(こく) gaikokuなまり namariの noある aru英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks English with a foreign accent. foreignerslanguage abilityaccents and dialectsが → の in relative clausesrelative clause with ある/いるrelative clause modifying a noun
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o話(はな)す() hanasuの noが ga得(とく)意(い) tokuiである dearu。 She's good at speaking English. complimentsEnglish languagelanguage abilitynominalizer の~である (formal copula)~のが得意 (good at doing)double-subject construction
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoを o上(じょう)手(ず) jouzuに ni話(はな)し()ま()す() hanashimasuね ne。 She speaks English really well, doesn't she? complimentsEnglish languagelanguage abilityna-adjective adverbial form (~に)sentence-final ね (seeking agreement)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoも mo話(はな)す() hanasuが gaフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks English, and she speaks French too. language abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)clause-final が (but)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoも moフ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks both English and French. language abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)~も~も (both X and Y)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは wa言(い)う()ま()で()も()な()く() iumademonaku、ス()ペ()イ()ン()語(ご) supeingoも mo話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks Spanish, not to mention English. language abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)contrastive は言うまでもない (it goes without saying)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは waいうまでもなく iumademonaku、ド()イ()ツ()語(ご) doitsugoを o話(はな)す() hanasu。 She speaks German, not to mention English. language abilitylanguage learningcontrastive はkana vs kanji (writing choice)言うまでもない (it goes without saying)
彼(かの)女(じょ) kanojoは wa英(えい)語(ご) eigoは waもちろん mochiron、フ()ラ()ン()ス()語(ご) furansugoも mo話(はな)せ()る() hanaseru。 She speaks French, not to mention English. complimentslanguage abilitylanguage learningも (also/too)contrastive は~はもちろん (not to mention)potential form (~える/~られる)